فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 81 (بهار 1402)

In this paper, the Poisson Point Process model has been used to analyze the frequency and intensity of hot and cold extreme temperatures at Abali station. The Poisson Point Process Model (Paritou- Poisson) is designed based on Peaks over threshold method. In this method, a suitable temperature threshold was first selected using statistical methods and then the Paritou-Poisson distribution was fitted to values higher than the threshold.  Estimation of distribution parameters was carried out using Maximum likelihood Method and extreme temperatures were estimated for different return periods. To validate the model, Q-Q charts and χ2 statistics were used. The results showed that the Poisson point process model has a great potential for modeling the extreme temperatures

Soil erosion is a significant environmental issue of common concern in the world today.  Despite the importance of soil erosion in sustainable development goals in arid and semi-arid areas, the study of the geo-environmental conditions and factors influencing gully erosion occurrence is rarely undertaken. As effort to this challenge, themain objective of this study is to apply an integrated approach to detecting gully erosion features at the Sanganeh Kalat Basin.We also aimed to apply a Conditional Probability (CP) model for establishing the spatial relationship between gullies and the Geo-Environmental Factors (GEFs). The gully erosion inventory map field surveying was randomly partitioned into two subsets: part 1 that contains 70% was used in the training phase of the CP model; part 2 is a validation dataset (30%) for validation of the model and to confirm its accuracy. Prediction performances of the CP model Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve methods, respectively. In addition, the influence of all GEFs on gully erosion was evaluated by performing a sensitivity analysis model. The validation area under the ROC curve for the CP model were 87.32%, respectively. Also, based on sensitivity analysis, lithology, drainage density, distance from river and land use represent significantly effects on the gully erosion occurrence. This study has shown that the integrated framework can be successfully used for modeling gully erosion occurrence in a data-poor environment.

Attention to Ardabil province is one of the important centers of wheat cultivation, determining the level of cultivation will be of particular importance in economic and political planning and can ensure the country's food security, but in the past, most traditional methods, such as field measurement, etc., have been used to determine the level of crop cultivation, which has many errors, In this study, we tried to use Landsat 8 satellite imagery, Vegetation Indices (NDVI, SAVI, DVI, GVI, IPVI, RVI), Principal components analysis (PCI), Optimum Index Factor (OIF), and classification algorithm to estimate the maximum probability of wheat cultivation area in the study area. Based on the results of main components analysis, more than 99% of data variances were explained in three main components and the best color combination of the OIF index was determined by bands 5, 6, and 7 with a numerical value of 8383.73. Also, the results showed that wheat cultivars under cultivar 94-95 in the studied area with kappa coefficient is 0.87 and the general accuracy of 95.2% were 59203.07 hectares and According to the statistics of agricultural Jahad official in Ardebil province, which is about 62480.21 hectares, In other words, the difference is 5.24% or about 3277.14 hectares which seem to be acceptable. Therefore, it can generally be concluded that Landsat 8 images, Principal components analysis, and Optimum Index Factor are highly effective in determining the level of wheat cultivation.

In recent years, the Asia-Pacific region has absorbed great attention by various countries ,due to the importance of waterways in the global economic system and especially maritime countries . Also due to resource constraints and optimized strategic management, these countries have to have a geostrategy in the region. The purpose of this study is to explain the geostrategy of Islamic Republic of Iran Navy in the Asia-Pacific region.  The present study is one of the qualitative researches of the foundation data type.  The statistical population of the present study included experts aware of the subject of the research who were identified according to the subject of the research, experience and necessary knowledge.  In order to identify these samples, purposive sampling method was used.  This sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached and finally 14 people were identified as samples in the qualitative section.  The results of the present study showed that the model of geostrategy development of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy in the Asia-Pacific region in the field of crucial factors including principles, policies and strategic documents, the internal environment of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy Information resources, history of national and international cooperation, individual factors, laws and regulations, cultural issues, organizational support, expertise and motivation.  Background factors also include the marine environment of the Asia-Pacific Basin, the geopolitical situation of the Asia-Pacific Basin, human geography, economic, domestic politics, international politics, and military-security.  Interventional conditions also include macro and micro factors.

The metropolis of Tabriz, one of the largest cities in our country, despite its great historical, cultural, ecological talents, etc., has not been able to achieve its significant and worthy share in the benefits of urban tourism. Due to the autonomy of Tabriz metropolitan municipality and the instability of its revenue sources, strengthening the urban tourism economy is one of the most important and necessary strategies for the development of Tabriz so that in addition to economic growth, Tabriz can be introduced as a global city with many historical and natural talents. From these conditions and improving the tourism situation of this metropolis, a strategic plan should be prepared based on the facts and futures of this city. The first step in this direction is a scientific study in the field of strategic studies based on evaluating and discovering possible futures of this city. In this regard, the present article with a qualitative approach using common futures research methods such as Delphi, cross-section analysis and scripting methods along with the use of related software such as Mick Mac and Scenario Wizard to discover and recognize these drivers paid. This research is descriptive-explanatory in terms of purpose and practical in terms of application.Based on the results, three scenarios for the future of Tabriz tourism development were discovered, among which; The first to fourth scenarios were selected as the first group and the desired and probable scenarios.Based on the results of the scenarios, the situation of most vital drivers are moving towards a crisis, in which the situation of transportation infrastructure is in the worst situation and critical indicators should be strengthened for the development of urban tourism in the future.

In this study, in order to investigate the general conditions of wind stress in the west and northwest of Iran, wind stress and velocity data at an altitude of 10 meters above the ground from the MERRA-2Model database of the TRMM sensor during the period 2018-1990 in coordinates 30 to 37.5 degrees north latitude and 45 to 52.5 degrees east longitude were obtained. GIS software was used to extract wind stress satellite data at Urmia, Tabriz, Zanjan, Hamadan, Sanandaj, Kermanshah, Khorramabad, Ardabil, Ilam and Ahvaz synoptic stations. To calculate wind stress, temperature, pressure and wind data were obtained from the Meteorological Organization. To evaluate satellite data and station data, the statistical criteria of correlation coefficient (CC), mean error (ME) Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were used. The maximum (RMSE) is 0.060516 and the minimum is 0.000576. The correlation coefficient between observational and satellite data was calculated from 0.16 to 0.87. Wind stress trend analysis was calculated using non-parametric Mann-Kendall method. According to the results, the highest amount of wind stress in winter was observed in February in Ardabil station and the lowest in Kermanshah and Sanandaj stations. In spring, the highest wind stress was in Zanjan station in April and the lowest in Hamedan station in the same month. In summer, the highest amount of wind stress was observed in Ahvaz station in August and the lowest amount was observed in Sanandaj station in July. In autumn, the highest amount of stress was observed in Zanjan station in December and the lowest amount in Kermanshah station in the same month. Wind stress has a seasonal trend whose monthly changes are significant. There is a significant difference in the direction of wind stress flow due to the change of seasons.

Geomythosite is a place with amazing and unique geological and geomorphological features. They are the settlement and the turning point of the cultural-historical values and identity of local and regional people. The formation of these places is often attributed to supernatural forces, but they, indeed, represent a part of the social values of the past. Accordingly, the history, culture, social relations, folklore, and even the characteristics of the paleoenvironment can be perceived by these sites. They are important not only geologically but also culturally, socially, historically and paleoenvironmently. In recent years, they have been considered as the geological heritage of the world. Each characteristic of a geomythosite can play an important role in attracting tourists and developing the tourism of geomythological sites. The aim of this study is to investigate the geomythosites of Kerman Province in the south east of Iran by a descriptive-analytical method. The province is considered rich in geomythosites.

This research was conducted through a descriptive-analytical method and field visits. At first, the most important geo-legendary places of Kerman were selected based on the background knowledge of the region and the study of the available library sources. Then, 1:250000 and 1:50000 topographic maps, geological maps (1:250000 and 1:100000), Google Earth images, and field studies were used to analyze the lithology, geological  structure as well as the topographical and paleo-biological features of the legendary sites in the province. The geological and geomorphological formation of these sites was, thus, presented based on geological, geomorphological and paleogeographic analyses.

To do this research, the most important geomythosites in Kerman Province were selected and analyzed. The sites included the mythical city of Lout, fairy chimneys, Meymand rocky settlements, Shiwashgan Mountains, Markesheh Mountains, and Ayoub Cave. First, the myth or myths related to each of them were discussed. Then, they were analized geologically and geomorphologically. For example, according to the local people's narratives, a part of the ruined yardangs of the Lut Playa, which looks like a ruined city from a distance, is the remnant of the ancient city of Lut destroyed due to a curse. However, from the viewpoints of geology and geomorphology, yardangs are huge natural structures made of stone, soil and clay, which were created by the hydro-wind erosion of clay, silty and sometimes marl sediments in the Great Lut Lake. Their formation occurred during the Holocene and probably after the last expansion of Quaternary glaciers about 11 thousand years ago, which was along with the increase of temperature. In a part of the Lut Desert, there are also fine-grained clay columns located on the level of the plains. From afar, these columns look like tall and thin minarets, and the local people call them fairy chimneys. According to the myths in the region, these columns are the chimneys of the ovens in underground houses. Such minaret-shaped columns are, indeed, the remains of a large plain of fine-grained clay. A major part of the columns has been destroyed, but their upper layer has been resistant for various reasons, preventing the erosion of the thick sedimentary layers below. Marksheh Mountains are a range of mountain located in the north of the city of Raver. As the local people say, in the old days, a huge dragon lived in the city and used the farms there. The people of the city sent a huge and strong bull to fight the dragon. After a while, the bull and the dragon got into a fight, but the dragon suddenly bit the bull and injected poison into its body. After a few days, both animals died. Thus, the dragon remained there and turned into stone. From a distance, the mountains look like a big snake. This is the legend proposed for the formation of the mountains. From a geological point of view, however, these mountains are made of red sandstone, shale, and gypsum marl with interlayers of late Jurassic and early Cretaceous conglomerates (i.e., a Bido formation) lying on Jurassic salts. The Bido Formation is also covered by Cretaceous limestones. The salts placed under the red formation of Bido rose up in the form of a diapir and cut through the upper formation and the sequence of its layers. The sequence of the red layers with salt deposits at the bottom and limestone at the top has been severely folded.

The mythical sites of the earth, as geological heritage, are the manifestation of the relationship between man and his natural habitat. They have been there since the far past, but humans have considered them as their semantic and social foundations. In other words, man has resorted to these natural phenomena and features in order to find the meaning of life and made them a settlement for his immortality and salvation. From this point of view, he has categorized significant geological phenomena into demonic and divine and created myths for each of them. Divine phenomena are those that have been the shelter and protection of man against the events and disasters, like mountains and caves. Demonic phenomena and features, however, have been dangerous and eventful places for human habitation, such as deserts, sea coasts and river banks. Therefore, sacred sites and demonic sites have been associated with attractive myths that justify them. This makes one believe that there is a close relationship between geomythosites and human myths, which can be analyzed historically, sociologically, anthropologically, archeologically and geologically. In addition, the processes occurring in these sites help to understand the huge hazards in the past such as floods, earthquakes and volcanoes.  In short, geomythosites are considered as places with unique, attractive and special geological and geomorphological features on the one hand, and as historical, social and archeological sites on the other hand, which can play a very important role in sustainable tourism.

Objective The present study was conducted to investigate the opportunities for the development of a niche food tourism market in Rasht. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose. The statistical population of the study includes all managers, employees and heads of restaurants in Rasht that 384 people were selected as a sample based on the available sampling method. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (structural equation model) with spss and pls software were used to analyze the data. Based on the results of the macro environment, the capabilities of enterprises and the characteristics of the industry were identified as opportunities for the development of a niche market in food tourism in Rasht. The results of structural equations showed that the macro environment (0.724), capabilities of enterprises (0.164) and industry characteristics (0.051) have an effect on the development of a niche food tourism market in Rasht, respectively.

Paying attention to improving the quality of sidewalks increases the presence of citizens and ultimately the vitality of the space. The present study was conducted with the aim of factors affecting the vitality of Shahriar sidewalk in Tabriz. This research is descriptive-analytical. Sidewalk vitality variables were identified and researched from texts, related studies and experts' opinions in the form of a questionnaire and with the approval of relevant experts, it was designed as a Likert scale (five-choice) and completed by 303 sidewalk users.Data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (SEM) showed that among the 27 variables affecting the vitality of the sidewalk, three factors: 1- economic-social 2- physical-environmental 3- accessibility-location can be extracted and have appropriate fitting indices. . Based on the results of correlation (covariance) between the obtained factors, our positive correlation was between 0.51 to 0.86 (P <0.01). Internal stability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each factor was 0.73, 0.93 and 0.74, respectively. Based on the results of Friedman test, the highest average averages were obtained, respectively physical-environmental, access-spatial and economic-social.